Explainer
Evidence-led entry points for non-clinicians. What is a GLP-1 receptor agonist, what does ATC A10BX mean, why are some peptides legal in Russia but not the EU.
Tirzepatide vial crystals: what they mean
A tirzepatide vial with residue or cloudiness fails the licensed product's visual standard. Here is what the physical changes signal and what to do.
GLP-1/GIPR/FGF21 peptibody in DIO mice
A preclinical peptibody hitting GLP-1, GIPR, and FGF21 reduced body weight and improved metabolic markers in obese mice. Human translation is unknown.
Ipamorelin history: discovery to today
Ipamorelin was first characterised at Novo Nordisk in 1998. Here is the research timeline and why no approved medicine followed.
How ipamorelin works: mechanism explained
Ipamorelin binds the GHS-R1a receptor to trigger a selective growth-hormone pulse without raising cortisol or prolactin.
Ipamorelin side effects: what trials report
Ipamorelin has no approved label and no official adverse-event profile. Here is what the one human clinical trial and early pharmacokinetic work found.
Is ipamorelin banned in sport? WADA status
Ipamorelin is prohibited in and out of competition under WADA section S2. Here is why S2 applies and what competing athletes need to know.
GLP-1 drugs and the 2025 US health bill
US health spending hit $5.7 trillion in 2025, up 7.3%, and GLP-1 drugs like semaglutide and tirzepatide are a named driver. Here is what the numbers say.
One blood test, 54 peptide doping agents
A 2026 Ghent University method screens 54 peptide and non-peptide doping agents, including TB-500 and BPC-157, in dried and liquid blood in a single fast run.
Semaglutide and the cost of CV benefit
A 2026 cost-effectiveness review places semaglutide, a GLP-1 agonist, in the moderate tier for preventing cardiovascular events. Here is what that means.
Semaglutide and heart risk: a 2026 review
A 2026 meta-analysis of 11 trials found semaglutide cut major cardiovascular events by about a third, similarly in people with and without diabetes.
Semaglutide for non-diabetic CKD: review
A 2026 review pooled 3 studies on semaglutide for non-diabetic obesity with kidney disease or hypertension. The signal is early, not long-term.
Semaglutide and the silent HFpEF signal
A 2026 meta-analysis of six trials links semaglutide to lower NT-proBNP, better symptom scores and fewer heart-failure hospitalisations in obesity-driven HFpEF.